Packaging

In 2019, the brand began transitioning to 100% post-consumer recycled (PCR) plastic bottles in North America and Europe. Notably, Dove launched a refillable deodorant in 2021, which uses 54% less plastic than Dove's regular deodorant. However, Dove's packaging footprint remains substantial. Greenpeace has criticized Dove for continuing to rely on single-use plastics, highlighting that the brand produces an estimated 6.4 billion disposable sachet packets per year (about 12,000 every minute). Greenpeace also noted that as of 2023, a mere 0.2% of Unilever's packaging was reusable, indicating that Dove's product delivery is still overwhelmingly single-use.

Ingredient Sustainability

Dove's parent company Unilever has been at the forefront of industry efforts to source sustainable, deforestation-free palm oil. By the end of 2024, Unilever reported 82% of its core palm oil volumes were sustainably sourced. Dove has also improved the biodegradability of its formulas. For example, its Deep Moisture body wash now boasts a 98% biodegradable ingredient formula, meaning 98% of the ingredients break down into benign substances.

However, it's worth noting that some harsh or non-green ingredients persist in Dove's portfolio. Dove openly acknowledges it continues to use traditional surfactants like SLS/SLES in some hair products.  Ingredients such as Sodium Laureth/Lauryl Sulfate, while effective, are only partially biodegradable and can be toxic to aquatic life. Likewise, Dove products contain synthetic fragrances (parfum) which can include non-biodegradable or bioaccumulative compounds.

Energy Use and Footprint

Unilever has pledged to achieve net-zero emissions across its value chain by 2039. To reach this goal, Unilever (and by extension Dove) is actively working to cut emissions in manufacturing, logistics, and raw material sourcing. Indeed, Unilever reports that as of 2020 it had switched 100% of its factories, offices, and facilities to renewable grid electricity worldwide.

While these measures are commendable, Dove/Unilever is not yet a carbon-neutral business. There is still heavy reliance on carbon-intensive activities (e.g. producing billions of product units, global shipping, and agricultural inputs like palm oil and soy). The emissions reduction trajectory is long-term (net-zero by 2039), which lacks the urgency necessary for the climate crisis.

Waste Management

Dove still generates enormous amounts of waste through its products, especially in markets where single-use sachets and small packets are prevalent. On the manufacturing side, Unilever has programs to minimize factory waste and achieve “zero waste to landfill” at many facilities, which likely includes Dove production sites. However, such details are not highly public for the brand level.

Business Model

Dove operates as a mainstream, high-volume consumer goods brand, and its business model reflects a traditional approach that can encourage overconsumption. The brand offers a broad array of product lines, with frequent product variants and marketing campaigns.